Lesson 18

an early string instrument similar to a violin, typically featuring six strings and played with a bow

Violins were a later development, taking over in the 17th century from the older family of viols which had been more popular.

a string instrument that is slightly larger than a violin, tuned a fifth lower and producing deeper sounds

Sarah began playing viola in her middle school orchestra and fell in love with the warmth of its tone.

to legally invalidate an agreement, decision, etc.

The judge decided to nullify the marriage due to fraudulent claims.

the condition or status of lacking legal validity

The contract was deemed a nullity by the court since it was signed under duress without proper consent.

something that deviates from what is considered normal, expected, or standard

Scientists were puzzled by the orbital anomaly of a newly discovered asteroid that didn't fit theories of planetary motion.

not consistent with what is considered to be expected

Satellite images revealed an anomalous heat signature in a remote region that rescue teams were dispatched to investigate.

involving competition or competitiveness

having a lack of depth or concern for serious matters

His frivolous attitude towards his studies often landed him in trouble with his teachers.

appearing or stated to be true or real, but potentially deceptive or misleading

The ostensible purpose of the meeting was to discuss new business strategies, but much of the time was spent gossiping.

displaying wealth, luxury, or importance to attract attention or impress others

The rock star was known for his ostentatious style of wearing expensive jewel-encrusted costumes on stage.

to demonstrate exceptional skill, achievement, or proficiency in a particular activity, subject, or field

Lauren always excels during performances and consistently earns the lead roles.

the quality of being extremely good in a particular field or activity

The university is known for its excellence in research.

an imaginary state or location where everything is perfect

They dreamed of creating a utopia where everyone lived in harmony.

referring to a vision of an ideal society, where everything is flawless or nearly perfect

In his novel, Thomas More envisioned a utopian society based on principles of equality and common property.

to give careful thought to something, its various aspects, implications, or possibilities

She pondered her options carefully, weighing the pros and cons of different career paths.

difficult to move or manage due to bulk

The ponderous sofa wouldn't fit through the narrow hallway.

a slender stick used by a conductor while leading an orchestra

The conductor raised their baton to signal the orchestra to begin playing.

a military unit composed of a varying number of companies or platoons, typically commanded by a lieutenant colonel

The battalion coordinated with other units for the large-scale exercise.

related or belonging to a country or region other than your own

Watching foreign films provides viewers with a glimpse into the storytelling and cinematic styles of different cultures.

a person who lives in a country where they are not a citizen or permanent resident

As a foreigner, she had to adjust to local customs.