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功利主义, 效用学说
the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people
- Utilitarianism holds that the morality of an action is determined by its consequences, with the greatest good for the greatest number being the guiding principle.
功利主义认为，行为的道德性由其后果决定，以最大多数人的最大幸福为指导原则。
- Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill are among the most influential proponents of utilitarianism, advocating for a moral calculus based on the principle of utility.
杰里米·边沁和约翰·斯图尔特·密尔是功利主义最有影响力的支持者之一，主张基于效用原则的道德计算。
- Critics of utilitarianism argue that it can lead to morally objectionable outcomes, such as sacrificing the rights or well-being of minorities for the greater good of the majority.
功利主义的批评者认为，它可能导致道德上令人反感的结果，例如为了大多数人的更大利益而牺牲少数人的权利或福祉。
- Rule utilitarianism suggests that moral principles should be adopted based on their tendency to produce the greatest overall happiness when followed consistently.
规则功利主义建议，道德原则应根据其在一贯遵循时产生最大整体幸福的趋势来采纳。
- Utilitarianism is often applied in fields such as public policy, economics, and ethics, where decisions are made with the aim of maximizing social welfare or utility.
功利主义经常应用于公共政策、经济和伦理等领域，其决策旨在最大化社会福利或效用。