Philosophy

形而上学, 第一哲学

The concept of the soul is often explored within the realm of metaphysics.

灵魂的概念常在形而上学的领域中被探讨。

Epistemology asks how we can know anything with certainty.

Political nihilism often manifests as distrust of governments.

功利主义, 效用学说

Utilitarianism holds that the morality of an action is determined by its consequences, with the greatest good for the greatest number being the guiding principle.

功利主义认为，行为的道德性由其后果决定，以最大多数人的最大幸福为指导原则。

斯多葛主义, 斯多葛哲学

Stoicism philosophy teaches that major life changes and loss, while painful, need not shatter one's inner strength and tranquility if one submits to fate.

斯多葛主义哲学教导说，如果一个人顺从命运，生活中的重大变化和损失虽然痛苦，但不必粉碎一个人的内在力量和宁静。

唯我论, 哲学上的自我中心主义

Solipsism suggests that the individual's own thoughts and perceptions are the only certain reality.

唯我论表明，个人的思想和感知是唯一确定的现实。

本体论

Ontology explores questions about what exists, how entities relate to one another, and the fundamental nature of reality.

本体论探讨关于存在什么、实体如何相互关联以及现实的基本性质的问题。

一元论, 一元论理论

Materialistic monism contends that everything in the universe is ultimately composed of physical matter.

唯物主义一元论认为宇宙中的一切都最终由物理物质组成。

客观主义, 客观主义哲学

Objectivism posits that reality exists independently of consciousness and that individuals can gain objective knowledge through reason.

客观主义认为现实独立于意识存在，个体可以通过理性获得客观知识。

主观主义, 主观主义学说

Subjectivism asserts that truth and morality are relative to individual perspectives, rejecting the existence of universal or objective standards.

主观主义主张真理和道德相对于个人观点，拒绝普遍或客观标准的存在。

荒诞主义, 荒谬

Absurdism, as articulated by philosophers like Albert Camus, holds that the search for meaning in a chaotic and indifferent universe is inherently futile.

荒诞主义，正如阿尔贝·加缪等哲学家所阐述的那样，认为在一个混乱且冷漠的宇宙中寻找意义本质上是徒劳的。

目的论, 目的研究

Evolutionary biology often explores the apparent teleology in the adaptations of living organisms, considering whether they result from intentional design.

进化生物学经常探索生物体适应中明显的目的论，考虑它们是否是有意设计的结果。

cogito, 通过思考的行为来说明对自我存在的核心认知的哲学

René Descartes famously encapsulated the essence of cogito in the phrase "Cogito, ergo sum," meaning "I think, therefore I am."

勒内·笛卡尔著名地将cogito的本质概括为“Cogito, ergo sum”这句话，意思是“我思故我在”。

The biologist observed a monad under the microscope.

实用主义, 实用主义哲学

Philosophical pragmatism, as advocated by thinkers like William James, emphasizes the practical consequences of ideas and beliefs rather than their abstract or theoretical foundations.

如威廉·詹姆斯等思想家所倡导的哲学实用主义，强调思想和信仰的实际后果，而非其抽象或理论基础。

本体, 物自体

The concept of noumenon underscores the idea that our knowledge is constrained to the realm of appearances.

本体的概念强调了我们的知识局限于现象领域的观点。

Ancient Stoics embraced fatalism, believing the course of life was fixed.

原则, 信条

The tenet of democracy underscores the importance of representative governance and individual freedoms.

民主的原则强调了代议制治理和个人自由的重要性。