Lesson 4

to assign a later date or time to something in relation to a specific point of reference

The historian decided to postdate the discovery of the ancient artifact, realizing it belonged to a later time period.

a graduate student who is studying at a university to get a more advanced degree

She decided to continue her education as a postgraduate to earn a master's degree in psychology.

referring to something that happens, is published, or is awarded after the death of the person to whom it relates

The author's posthumous novel was published a year after her death, becoming a bestseller.

brief additional note added to the end of a letter or document, usually after the signature, often containing information that the writer forgot to include

After signing the letter, she added a postscript to remind her friend about the upcoming meeting.

all the people who will come after the current generation

Scientists are researching renewable energy sources with an eye toward securing a cleaner future for posterity.

the rear part of the body

She slipped and landed ungracefully on her posterior.

to join metals by melting a strong material between them

The blacksmith decided to braze the pieces of metal together for a more secure connection.

behaving without shame or fear and refusing to follow traditional rules or manners

The employee's brazen attitude during the meeting surprised everyone as she openly challenged the boss's decisions.

a big metal container for burning coal or charcoal to keep people warm outdoors

During the winter festival, the city set up braziers along the streets to keep attendees warm.

the scientific study of fish including their biology, behavior, classification etc.

The researcher's expertise in ichthyology contributed to a comprehensive understanding of the local fish species.

to add different elements, making something more diverse in how it looks or what it includes

The artist decided to variegate the painting by incorporating a range of colors and textures.

to add different elements, making something more diverse in how it looks or what it includes

The artist decided to variegate the painting by incorporating a range of colors and textures.

to split into two or more branches, creating a fork-like appearance

As the river flowed downstream, it began to ramify, creating a network of smaller streams and tributaries.

the specific pattern or layout in which branches are distributed on a plant or tree

The bonsai's ramification was carefully shaped over years of pruning.

a sea creature with a hard shell and jointed legs such as crabs and lobsters

At the beach, children love searching for colorful crustaceans like crabs and tiny shrimp in tide pools.

having a tough shell or outer layer, or seem like something with a hard outer covering

The scientist discovered a tiny, crustaceous creature with a hard exoskeleton in the tide pools.

to make something sacred through religious ceremonies

During the annual festival, the community gathered to hollow the ceremonial objects used in their religious rituals.

to make something sacred through religious ceremonies

During the annual festival, the community gathered to hollow the ceremonial objects used in their religious rituals.